Overview of the Role of Generalist Predators in Biological Control

Some experiments indicate the ability of coccinellids to significantly suppress aphid abundance. Exclusion of predators by caging aphid-infested plants has repeatedly resulted in higher aphid populations and greater aphid population growth rates. However, aphidophagous coccinellids have never proved effective in controlling aphid populations in the field. To resolve this apparent contradiction, a field experiment was used to determine the effectiveness of two coccinellids, Coccinella septempunctata bruckii and Harmonia axyridis in suppressing populations of the aphid, Aphis gossypii, on shrubs of Hibiscus syriacus under natural conditions. Instead of caging some of the shrubs, the effect of each species of coccinellid on aphid population dynamics was estimated by direct counts and a manipulative experiment, in which all the eggs of C. septempunctata bruckii were removed from 8 shrubs, all those of H. axyridis from another 8 shrubs, all those of both species from an additional 12 shrubs, and no eggs were removed from 6 control shrubs. The predators did not have a negative effect on the peak numbers of their prey. This is in full accord with the GTR hypothesis, according to which long-lived predators cannot be effective in controlling a short-lived prey.